PENCIL DRAWING
If you want to do a finished drawing with a pencil, the first thing
to do is to get the right pencil for you and the work you want it to do.
Ordinary lead pencils usually have number markings that show how
hard or soft they are. No. i is a very soft pencil, No. 2 is medium, No. 3
is hard, and No. 4 is very hard.
There are some pencils that have 1/2 markings on them. I like to
use pencils marked 21/2. The lines made by softer pencils are apt to
smudge as you work, and a harder pencil makes too light a line to suit
me. I also like to draw sometimes with an Eagle Veri-thin Black 747
pencil. It gives a good dark line, but it is a little harder to erase than
one of the ordinary No. 21/2 pencils. When I draw, I usually like to
be able to erase.
You will also want a "kneading rubber" -- a very soft, pliable
rubber -- and some heavy bond typewriting paper. That paper has just
enough "tooth" or graininess to its surface to catch your pencil strokes
well.
Everyone uses a pencil easily and carelessly for writing, doodling,
playing tick-tack-toe, etc. But when a beginner starts to draw he usually
grips his pencil too tightly. Then he either digs the point into his paper
or timidly draws a wavering line as though he were afraid of it.
A pencil will do anything for you provided you don't choke it to
death with your fingers!
Hold your pencil just enough to guide it, gently but firmly. Begin
by scribbling a little with your wrist resting lightly on your board and
your hand holding your pencil lightly. Draw loosely, easily, some
rhythmic lines on your paper. Just doodle a bit. Try holding your pencil
in different positions in your hand until it works nicely.
Now begin to draw!
Start by lightly whirling in the shape you want to draw. Don't
worry about your lines. You have that good kneading eraser in your
other fist. Remember that one of the beauties of good drawing is the
rhythm and flow of the lines.
When you have some pretty good shapes whirled in, draw your
definite surrounding outline.
SHADING (OR MODELING) YOUR DRAWING
The eye of a camera can see and reproduce only the lights and
shadows that fall on an object.
But an artist can see and choose
those special lights and shadows
on an object which will help give
his drawing depth and volume. And
drawing those lights and shadows
is a process that is usually called "shading."
I prefer to call it modeling. To model means to give something
form or shape and that is exactly what shading should do. Shading
should help give shapes a third dimension. You can, with a little
shading, bring forms forward or push them back in your drawing.
You can
give them a soft round look, or make them look hard and sharp.
The light which falls on the object you are drawing usually comes
from only one side and makes shadows on the other side. But there are
also many reflecting lights that affect the object you are trying to draw.
Do not let any of the natural lights influence your drawing too much.
Use light and shadow for your own purposes. You really draw with
light as well as with line and shade on your paper. Remember this
along with the fact that you are using shading only to give your draw-
ing depth and volume. Then you will not make the mistake of shading
your drawing so much that it looks crude and dirty.
To develop the tone or
shade around your drawing you can crosshatch. Hold your pencil lightly, remember.
When you put down the final lines surrounding your shapes, use
a light line on the side nearest the source of light that falls on the
object you are drawing. The outline on the darker side of the object
can be drawn with a darker, heavier line. But neither outline should
be all dark or all light. The lines should go lightly, then darken to
model the forms. Sometimes it is wise to use the darker outline on the
lighter side of the object, and the light line on the darker side.
If you want to keep your pencil drawing, use a fixative to fix it to
your paper or it will become smudged and rub off. Fixative is a liquid
with an alcohol base combined with some sticky substance, perhaps
shellac or gum arabic. You blow a thin mist of it through a tube onto your
drawing. When the fixative dries your drawing should stay on the
paper. Bottles of fixative and small metal tubes used for blowing it are
sold in all art supply shops. They are not expensive.
In drawing lines to shade a form, it is usually best to draw with
the movement of the form. But there are times when you can get a
better effect by drawing against the movement. Try both methods. You
still have that good kneading rubber in your other hand and you can
change your drawing.
Pencil drawing by Edgar Degas (1834-1917)
Each different material with which you draw has its own special
quality. Pencil lines can be harsh, or strong, or beautiful and flowing.
They can be almost tender. Here are some qualities you should try
for in pencil drawing:
three-dimensional shape
good movement
delicate tones
fine, rhythmic, almost poetic lines.
Pencil drawing by Jean Auguste Ingres (1780-1867)